Yes, I just tried it with a red, black dotted ball of a TrackMan Wheel. However, since the structures on the new ball are finer, I could imagine that the resolution is worse under certain circumstances.
It is to be assumed, yes. I have the ball in a non-Logitech trackball (because with cable instead of unsafe Unifying), the PX-4985-675 from Mod-IT/Pearl. Seems to be a standard size.