Questions about Apple iPhone Lightning Dock

No, just the dock.

In the tablet power supply section = https://www.digitec.ch/de/s1/producttype/tablet-stromversorgung-2063?tagIds=82-537 there are multiple charging stations. Maybe this is what you are looking for?

Hello, yes as long as the cover is not too big, here in the video you can see some examples with cover, gruss https://youtu.be/WExOJwkAfzU

Ja, ist auch mit dem iPhone 8 kompatibel: Siehe https://www.apple.com/ch-de/shop/product/MQHX2ZM/A/iphone-lightning-dock-gold

If a mains adapter with the appropriate power is used, yes. The dock itself merely passes on the connected voltage/current.

Kabel ist leider nicht enthalten. Siehe auch Lieferumfang: https://www.apple.com/ch-de/shop/product/MQHX2ZM/A/iphone-lightning-dock-gold?fnode=97&fs=f%3Ddock%26fh%3D458e%252B45e3

Ja, Siehe https://www.apple.com/de/shop/product/MNN62ZM/A/iphone-lightning-dock-schwarz unter Kompatibilität.

... It is connected via the Lightning cable. From my point of view, the dock only transmits the power, so it should work.

Yes, that works. I have used it like this several times. You can even charge the iPhone in addition.

You are looking for a similar smartphone holder but with a USB-C connection, am I right? So it's definitely not from Apple. The best thing to do is to search for a suitable product using the search terms "smartphone holder USB-C" or "(your mobile phone model) docking station" and/or similar via Google first and then you can come back to Digitec and see if this is offered here.