I recommend that in future you ask such a question as, Is it V1 or V2, before buying. It is very unlikely to be worth returning, see the returns policy: https://www.digitec.ch/de/Wiki/560
The following question from 06.04.2017 might also have provided information about the version: https://www.digitec.ch/de/s1/QuestionAndAnswer/ich-bin-etwas-verwirrt-ist-diese-version-den-nun-win10-kompatibel-oder-nicht-wie-finde-ich-heraus-we-57168
We cannot distinguish the different versions from each other for logistical reasons. However, version 1 has not been available for some time and it is very likely that you will only find it second-hand.
probably not, v1 was released in 2011... maybe you can still find a copy on ebay or the like.
V2 runs out of the box with current Ubuntu-based systems.
For older versions / other distros / Raspi there is a driver and detailed installation instructions at TP-Link: https://www.tp-link.com/us/support/download/tl-wn722n/v2/
No, unfortunately this is not possible. This is a receiver and requires a computer. I have given a follow-up answer to your comment on the other question. It is best to continue there to possibly find a suitable product, otherwise we will soon have the same question for all WiFi adapters...