How does PCI lane splitting and bifurcation work with this mobo and chipset? I'm reading up but don't yet understand if x870e is affected in general or just individual mobos. I'm interested in this ProArt, what happens if I connect GPU, soundcard and 2x nvme SSDs? Will the GPU then be supplied with 8x?

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First of all: It's not a bug, it's a feature.
In general, it is difficult to know how the PCIe lanes are split on X670/X870E boards. In the vast majority of cases, however, the board manual will tell you how the lanes are split.

In your case, I would put the graphics card in slot 1 and the sound card (if it is x1 or x4) in slot 3. So that the graphics card runs with x16. Two NVMe SSDs can also be connected without any loss of speed.

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