ICM Ju 88A-4 with German Ground Personnel and Torpedo Trailers

The Luftwaffe heavily relied on bomb-armed aircraft in its naval warfare strategy. However, over time, the need for torpedo-armed planes became evident, allowing for effective operations against naval targets. By 1941, the Luftwaffe already had five torpedo squadrons, each consisting of 12 aircraft according to the establishment table. Starting in early 1942, the Ju-88 front bombers of the A-4 modification, which had good maneuverability and relatively strong defensive armament, were converted into torpedo-carrying versions. The standard armament of these aircraft was F5b torpedoes. The weight of the warhead of such torpedoes reached 250 kg, and the range was up to 6000 meters at a speed of 24 knots. In addition to "free hunting" of individual ships, torpedo bombers were also deployed against large, well-protected convoys, naval task forces, and amphibious assault troops. The Luftwaffe's torpedo bombers could be stationed at airfields in Italy, southern France, or northern Norway. To train flight personnel and practice the tactics of torpedo bomber operations, torpedo bomber training centers were established, one of which was located in Grosseto, Italy.